[d]→[g]Certainty: 3/5Commonality: 2/5

Velarization Place Assimilation Athabaskan Bantu

Voiced alveolar plosive to Voiced velar plosive

A shift from the tip of the tongue (dental/alveolar) to the back (velar) is relatively rare but well-documented in specific environments, often driven by place assimilation or specific historical sound laws.

Phonetic Effects

Velarization, Place Assimilation

Language Examples

Upper Umpqua Athabaskan

*'ad→'ag— Proto-Athabaskan 'wife': syllable-final /d/ → /g/ in Upper Umpqua. Could not verify against a published source; flagged.

*ɬəd→ɬəg— Proto-Athabaskan 'smoke': same coda shift. Could not verify against a published source; flagged.

Shambaa Bantu

sindano (Swahili loanword)→singano— Alveolar /d/ → velar /g/ in Shambaa adaptation of Swahili loanword. Could not verify in published sources; flagged.

Related Transformations

Reverse Voiceless equivalent

More Bantu Shifts

[d] → [n] — Nasal Assimilation [j] → [ʑ] — Fortition [k] → [g] — Voicing [k] → [ɣ] — Lenition [n] → [ŋ] — Assimilation

Sources & References

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