Transformation Directory
Explore the complete collection of 1529 documented phonetic shifts.
[a]Open front unrounded vowel
[a] → [ã] Assimilatory Nasalization[a] → [ai] Diphthongization[a] → [ʕ] Pharyngealization[a] → [æ] Fronting[a] → [au] Diphthongization[a] → [ʌ] Vowel Reduction[a] → [e] Fronting[a] → [ẽ] Nasalization[a] → [ei] Diphthongization[a] → [∅] Elision[a] → [ɛ] Fronting[a] → [ʔ] Glottalization[a] → [h] Devoicing[a] → [i] Raising[a] → [ĩ] Vowel Raising[a] → [ie] Diphthongization[a] → [j] Iotation[a] → [l] Syllabic Consonant Formation[a] → [m] Nasalization[a] → [n] Nasalization[a] → [ŋ] Nasalization[a] → [o] Rounding[a] → [õ] Nasalization[a] → [oi] Diphthongization[a] → [ou] Rounding[a] → [r] Intrusive R[a] → [ə] Vowel Reduction[a] → [u] Rounding[a] → [ue] Diphthongization[a] → [ui] Rounding[a] → [uo] Backing[a] → [w] Diphthongization[a] → [y] Fronting
[ã]Nasalized open front unrounded vowel
[ã] → [a] Denasalization[ã] → [ai] Diphthongization[ã] → [æ] Raising[ã] → [au] Diphthongization[ã] → [e] Raising[ã] → [ẽ] Raising[ã] → [ei] Diphthongization[ã] → [ɛ] Denasalization[ã] → [ĩ] Raising[ã] → [ie] Diphthongization[ã] → [o] Denasalization[ã] → [õ] Raising[ã] → [oi] Diphthongization[ã] → [ou] Diphthongization[ã] → [ə] Centralization[ã] → [u] Denasalization[ã] → [ũ] Raising[ã] → [ui] Diphthongization[ã] → [w] Denasalization
[ai]Diphthong ai
[ai] → [a] Monophthongization[ai] → [æ] Monophthongization[ai] → [au] Backing[ai] → [e] Monophthongization[ai] → [ẽ] Monophthongization[ai] → [ei] Raising[ai] → [ɛ] Monophthongization[ai] → [i] Monophthongization[ai] → [ĩ] Nasalization[ai] → [ie] Monophthongization[ai] → [j] Reduction[ai] → [o] Monophthongization[ai] → [oi] Rounding[ai] → [ou] Backing[ai] → [ə] Vowel Reduction[ai] → [u] Monophthongization
[ʕ]Voiced pharyngeal fricative
[ʕ] → [a] Vocalization[ʕ] → [æ] Vocalization[ʕ] → [ʌ] Vocalization[ʕ] → [e] Vowel Coloring[ʕ] → [∅] Elision[ʕ] → [ɛ] Vowel Coloring[ʕ] → [g] Fortition[ʕ] → [ɣ] Velarization[ʕ] → [ʔ] De-pharyngealization[ʕ] → [h] Weakening[ʕ] → [j] Lenition[ʕ] → [k] Fronting[ʕ] → [o] Vocalization[ʕ] → [ə] Centralization[ʕ] → [u] Vocalization[ʕ] → [ʁ] Retraction[ʕ] → [χ] Devoicing
[æ]Near-open front unrounded vowel
[æ] → [a] Lowering[æ] → [ã] Nasalization[æ] → [ai] Diphthongization[æ] → [au] Diphthongization[æ] → [ʌ] Backing[æ] → [e] Raising[æ] → [ẽ] Raising[æ] → [ei] Diphthongization[æ] → [∅] Elision[æ] → [ɛ] Vowel Raising[æ] → [ʔ] Glottalization[æ] → [h] Devoicing[æ] → [i] Raising[æ] → [ie] Diphthongization[æ] → [j] Iotation[æ] → [o] Vowel Raising[æ] → [r] Intrusive R[æ] → [ə] Vowel Reduction
[au]Diphthong au
[au] → [ai] Fronting[au] → [æ] Monophthongization[au] → [e] Monophthongization[au] → [ei] Fronting[au] → [∅] Elision[au] → [f] Consonantalization[au] → [i] Monophthongization[au] → [o] Monophthongization[au] → [õ] Smoothing[au] → [oi] Raising[au] → [ou] Raising[au] → [ə] Centralization[au] → [u] Monophthongization[au] → [v] Consonantization of the Vocalic Glide[au] → [w] Reduction
[b]Voiced bilabial plosive
[b] → [bʱ] Aspiration[b] → [bʲ] Palatalization[b] → [d] Coronalization[b] → [ɟ] Labial Palatalization[b] → [dz] Palatalization[b] → [∅] Lenition[b] → [f] Spirantization[b] → [g] Velarization[b] → [ʔ] Debuccalization[b] → [h] Debuccalization[b] → [k] Velarization[b] → [m] Nasalization[b] → [o] Vocalization[b] → [p] Voice Loss[b] → [ɸ] Lenition[b] → [ts] Palatalization[b] → [u] Vocalization[b] → [v] Spirantization[b] → [w] Lenition[b] → [y] Lenition[b] → [ʒ] Lenition
[bʱ]Voiced aspirated bilabial plosive
[bʲ]Palatalized voiced bilabial plosive
[ʌ]Open-mid back unrounded vowel
[ʌ] → [a] Lowering[ʌ] → [æ] Fronting[ʌ] → [e] Fronting[ʌ] → [ei] Fronting[ʌ] → [∅] Elision[ʌ] → [ɛ] Fronting[ʌ] → [ʔ] Debuccalization[ʌ] → [i] Vowel Raising[ʌ] → [ie] Diphthongization[ʌ] → [j] Glide Formation[ʌ] → [o] Rounding[ʌ] → [ou] Diphthongization[ʌ] → [r] Epenthesis[ʌ] → [ə] Vowel Reduction[ʌ] → [u] Rounding[ʌ] → [y] Fronting
[tʃ]Voiceless postalveolar affricate
[tʃ] → [ʈʂ] Merger[tʃ] → [d] Deaffrication[tʃ] → [e] Vocalization[tʃ] → [∅] Elision[tʃ] → [ʔ] Debuccalization[tʃ] → [h] Debuccalization[tʃ] → [i] Vocalization[tʃ] → [dʒ] Voicing[tʃ] → [dʑ] Voicing[tʃ] → [k] Depalatalization[tʃ] → [s] Deaffrication[tʃ] → [ʃ] Deaffrication[tʃ] → [t] Depalatalization[tʃ] → [c] Deaffrication[tʃ] → [θ] Deaffrication[tʃ] → [ts] Fronting[tʃ] → [x] Retraction[tʃ] → [z] Deaffrication[tʃ] → [ʒ] De-affrication
[tɕ]Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
[ʈʂ]Voiceless retroflex affricate
[ʈʂʰ]Voiceless aspirated retroflex affricate
[ǃ]Alveolar click
[d]Voiced alveolar plosive
[d] → [b] Place Assimilation[d] → [tʃ] Affrication[d] → [dʱ] Aspiration[d] → [ɟ] Palatalization[d] → [dʲ] Palatalization[d] → [ɖ] Retroflexion[d] → [dz] Assibilation[d] → [ei] Vocalization[d] → [∅] Elision[d] → [g] Velarization[d] → [ɣ] Backing[d] → [ʔ] Debuccalization[d] → [h] Debuccalization[d] → [i] Vocalization[d] → [dʒ] Palatalization[d] → [j] Lenition[d] → [dʑ] Palatalization[d] → [l] Lateralization[d] → [n] Nasal Assimilation[d] → [ɲ] Nasalization[d] → [p] Regressive Assimilation[d] → [r] Rhotacism[d] → [ɾ] Flapping[d] → [s] Assibilation[d] → [ʃ] Palatalization[d] → [t] Voice Loss[d] → [c] Palatalization[d] → [ʈ] Retroflexion[d] → [ð] Spirantization[d] → [θ] Spirantization[d] → [tɬ] Affrication[d] → [ts] Assibilation[d] → [u] Lenition[d] → [v] Lenition[d] → [w] Lenition[d] → [y] Palatalization[d] → [z] Assibilation[d] → [ʒ] Palatalization
[dʱ]Voiced aspirated alveolar plosive
[ɟ]Voiced palatal plosive
[dʲ]Palatalized voiced alveolar plosive
[ɖ]Voiced retroflex stop
[dz]Voiced alveolar affricate
[dz] → [ʈʂ] Retraction[dz] → [d] Deaffrication[dz] → [ɟ] Palatalization[dz] → [∅] Elision[dz] → [dʒ] Palatalization[dz] → [j] Lenition[dz] → [dʑ] Palatalization[dz] → [l] Deaffrication[dz] → [s] Lenition[dz] → [t] Devoicing[dz] → [c] Devoicing[dz] → [θ] Deaffrication[dz] → [ts] Devoicing[dz] → [tsʰ] Devoicing[dz] → [z] De-affrication[dz] → [ʒ] Palatalization
[ɖʐ]Voiced retroflex affricate
[e]Close-mid front unrounded vowel
[e] → [a] Lowering[e] → [ai] Diphthongization[e] → [æ] Lowering[e] → [au] Diphthongization[e] → [ʌ] Vowel Lowering[e] → [ẽ] Nasalization[e] → [ei] Diphthongization[e] → [∅] Elision[e] → [ɛ] Lowering[e] → [ʔ] Glottalization[e] → [h] Devoicing[e] → [i] Vowel Raising[e] → [j] Vocalization[e] → [o] Backing[e] → [ə] Reduction[e] → [u] Backing[e] → [uo] Diphthongization[e] → [y] Rounding
[ẽ]Nasalized close-mid front unrounded vowel
[ei]Diphthong ei
[ei] → [a] Monophthongization[ei] → [ai] Lowering of the Nucleus[ei] → [æ] Monophthongization[ei] → [e] Monophthongization[ei] → [ẽ] Smoothing[ei] → [i] Monophthongization[ei] → [ie] Diphthong Shift[ei] → [o] Monophthongization[ei] → [oi] Backing[ei] → [ə] Centralization[ei] → [u] Monophthongization[ei] → [ui] Raising[ei] → [y] Monophthongization
[∅]Empty sound / Zero
[∅] → [a] Prothesis[∅] → [ã] Compensatory Nasalization[∅] → [ʕ] Pharyngeal Epenthesis[∅] → [æ] Prothesis[∅] → [b] Epenthesis[∅] → [ʌ] Epenthesis[∅] → [tʃ] Excrescence[∅] → [d] Excrescence[∅] → [ɟ] Epenthesis[∅] → [dz] Epenthesis[∅] → [e] Prothesis[∅] → [ẽ] Compensatory Nasalization[∅] → [ɛ] Anaptyxis[∅] → [f] Epenthesis[∅] → [g] Hiatus Resolution[∅] → [ʔ] Epenthesis[∅] → [h] H-Prothesis[∅] → [i] Prothesis[∅] → [dʒ] Prothesis[∅] → [j] Prothesis[∅] → [k] Excrescence[∅] → [l] Epenthesis[∅] → [m] Nasal Epenthesis[∅] → [n] Epenthesis[∅] → [ŋ] Epenthesis[∅] → [o] Prothesis[∅] → [õ] Consonant Loss[∅] → [p] Excrescence[∅] → [r] Intrusive R[∅] → [s] Epenthesis[∅] → [ə] Epenthesis[∅] → [ʃ] Epenthesis[∅] → [t] Excrescence[∅] → [ð] Epenthesis[∅] → [θ] Epenthesis[∅] → [u] Epenthesis[∅] → [ʁ] Epenthesis[∅] → [v] Prothesis[∅] → [w] Prothesis[∅] → [x] Prothesis[∅] → [y] Prothesis[∅] → [z] Liaison[∅] → [ʒ] Prothesis
[ɛ]Open-mid front unrounded vowel
[ɛ] → [a] Vowel Lowering[ɛ] → [ã] Nasalization[ɛ] → [ai] Diphthongization[ɛ] → [æ] Lowering[ɛ] → [ʌ] Backing[ɛ] → [e] Vowel Raising[ɛ] → [ẽ] Nasalization[ɛ] → [ei] Diphthongization[ɛ] → [∅] Elision[ɛ] → [ʔ] Glottalization[ɛ] → [h] Devoicing[ɛ] → [i] Vowel Raising[ɛ] → [ie] Diphthongization[ɛ] → [j] Vowel to Glide Conversion[ɛ] → [l] Epenthesis[ɛ] → [o] Raising[ɛ] → [oi] Backing[ɛ] → [ə] Vowel Reduction[ɛ] → [y] Rounding
[f]Voiceless labiodental fricative
[f] → [b] Fortition[f] → [∅] Deletion[f] → [ʔ] Debuccalization[f] → [h] Debuccalization[f] → [j] Palatalization[f] → [o] Vocalization[f] → [p] Fortition[f] → [pʰ] Fortition[f] → [ɸ] Bilabialization[f] → [s] Fricative Shifting[f] → [θ] Dentalization[f] → [u] Vocalization[f] → [v] Voicing[f] → [w] Lenition[f] → [x] Backing
[g]Voiced velar plosive
[g] → [ʕ] Retraction[g] → [b] Labialization[g] → [tʃ] Palatalization[g] → [d] Fronting[g] → [ɟ] Palatalization[g] → [dz] Palatalization[g] → [ɖʐ] Palatalization[g] → [∅] Deletion[g] → [f] Labialization[g] → [ɡʱ] Aspiration[g] → [ɡʲ] Secondary Palatalization[g] → [ɢ] Allophony[g] → [ɣ] Spirantization[g] → [ʔ] Debuccalization[g] → [h] Debuccalization[g] → [i] Vocalization[g] → [dʒ] Palatalization[g] → [j] Palatalization[g] → [dʑ] Palatalization[g] → [k] Voice Loss[g] → [kʰ] Devoicing[g] → [n] Nasalization[g] → [ŋ] Nasalization[g] → [o] Vocalization[g] → [q] Retraction[g] → [s] Assibilation[g] → [ʃ] Assibilation[g] → [t] Devoicing[g] → [θ] Lenition[g] → [u] Vocalization[g] → [ʁ] Lenition[g] → [v] Lenition[g] → [w] Lenition[g] → [x] Spirantization[g] → [χ] Lenition[g] → [y] Palatalization[g] → [z] Satem Shift[g] → [ʒ] Palatalization[g] → [ʑ] Palatalization
[ɡʱ]Voiced aspirated velar plosive
[ɡʲ]Palatalized voiced velar plosive
[ɢ]Voiced uvular plosive
[ɣ]Voiced velar fricative
[ɣ] → [ʕ] Retraction[ɣ] → [au] Lenition[ɣ] → [g] Fortition[ɣ] → [h] Debuccalization[ɣ] → [j] Palatalization[ɣ] → [k] Devoicing[ɣ] → [p] Fortition[ɣ] → [q] Fortition[ɣ] → [ɾ] Rhotacism[ɣ] → [ə] Centralization[ɣ] → [u] Vocalization[ɣ] → [ʁ] Backing[ɣ] → [v] Place Assimilation[ɣ] → [w] Vocalization[ɣ] → [x] Devoicing[ɣ] → [χ] Devoicing[ɣ] → [z] Fronting[ɣ] → [ʒ] Palatalization
[ʔ]Glottal stop
[ʔ] → [a] Vocalization[ʔ] → [ʕ] Strengthening[ʔ] → [æ] De-glotticization[ʔ] → [b] Fortition[ʔ] → [e] Vowel Coloring[ʔ] → [∅] Elision[ʔ] → [h] Lenition[ʔ] → [i] De-glotticization[ʔ] → [j] Lenition[ʔ] → [k] Fortition[ʔ] → [l] Lenition[ʔ] → [m] Debuccalization[ʔ] → [n] Nasalization[ʔ] → [o] O-Coloring[ʔ] → [q] Uvularization[ʔ] → [ɾ] Allophonic Replacement[ʔ] → [ə] Vocalization[ʔ] → [t] Fortition[ʔ] → [u] Vocalization[ʔ] → [w] Lenition
[h]Voiceless glottal fricative
[h] → [a] Vocalization[h] → [ʕ] Strengthening[h] → [b] Fortition[h] → [e] Vocalization[h] → [∅] Elision[h] → [ɛ] Vocalization[h] → [f] Labialization[h] → [g] Fortition[h] → [ʔ] Glottalization[h] → [i] Vocalization[h] → [j] Fortition[h] → [k] Fortition[h] → [n] Nasalization[h] → [ŋ] Nasalization[h] → [o] Vocalization[h] → [p] Fortition[h] → [ɸ] Labialization[h] → [r] Rhotacism[h] → [s] Fortition[h] → [ə] Lenition[h] → [ʃ] Palatalization[h] → [ɕ] Palatalization[h] → [t] Fortition[h] → [u] Vocalization[h] → [v] Voicing[h] → [w] Labialization[h] → [x] Fortition[h] → [y] Palatalization
[i]Close front unrounded vowel
[i] → [a] Lowering[i] → [ai] Diphthongization[i] → [æ] Vowel Lowering[i] → [au] Diphthongization[i] → [ʌ] Vowel Lowering[i] → [e] Lowering[i] → [ẽ] Vowel Lowering[i] → [ei] Lowering[i] → [∅] Elision[i] → [ɛ] Lowering[i] → [ʔ] Glottalization[i] → [h] Devoicing[i] → [ĩ] Nasalization[i] → [ie] Diphthongization[i] → [j] Glide Formation[i] → [l] Epenthesis[i] → [ŋ] Nasalization[i] → [o] Vowel Backing[i] → [ə] Reduction[i] → [u] Backing[i] → [w] Glide Formation[i] → [y] Rounding
[ĩ]Nasalized close front unrounded vowel
[ie]Diphthong ie
[dʒ]Voiced postalveolar affricate
[j]Voiced palatal approximant
[j] → [tʃ] Affrication[j] → [d] Fortition[j] → [ɟ] Fortition[j] → [dʲ] Fortition[j] → [dz] Fortition[j] → [∅] Elision[j] → [g] Fortition[j] → [ɣ] Fortition[j] → [h] Debuccalization[j] → [i] Vocalization[j] → [dʒ] Fortition[j] → [dʑ] Fortition[j] → [k] Fortition[j] → [l] Place Assimilation[j] → [ɲ] Nasalization[j] → [ə] Centralization[j] → [ʃ] Fricativization[j] → [ɕ] Fortition[j] → [t] Fortition[j] → [c] Fortition[j] → [w] Rounding[j] → [z] Fortition[j] → [ʒ] Fortition[j] → [ʑ] Fortition[j] → [ʐ] Fortition
[dʑ]Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate
[k]Voiceless velar plosive
[k] → [a] Vocalization[k] → [tʃ] Palatalization[k] → [tɕ] Palatalization[k] → [ʈʂ] Palatalization[k] → [dz] Palatalization[k] → [∅] Elision[k] → [f] Lenition[k] → [g] Voicing[k] → [ɣ] Lenition[k] → [ʔ] Debuccalization[k] → [h] Lenition[k] → [i] Vocalization[k] → [dʒ] Palatalization[k] → [j] Lenition[k] → [kʰ] Aspiration[k] → [kʲ] Palatalization[k] → [kʟ] Lateralization[k] → [p] Labialization[k] → [ɸ] Lenition[k] → [q] Retraction[k] → [s] Palatalization[k] → [ʃ] Palatalization[k] → [t] Velar Fronting[k] → [c] Palatalization[k] → [tʲ] Palatalization[k] → [ts] Palatalization[k] → [tsʰ] Fronting[k] → [w] Lenition[k] → [x] Lenition[k] → [z] Fronting
[kʰ]Voiceless aspirated velar plosive
[kʲ]Palatalized voiceless velar plosive
[kʟ]Voiceless velar lateral affricate
[l]Alveolar lateral approximant
[l] → [a] L-vocalization[l] → [au] Vocalization[l] → [ʌ] L-vocalization[l] → [tʃ] Palatalization[l] → [tɕ] Palatalization[l] → [d] Fortition[l] → [e] L-vocalization[l] → [∅] Elision[l] → [f] Labialization[l] → [h] Debuccalization[l] → [i] Vocalization[l] → [j] Vocalization[l] → [ɬ] Fortition[l] → [ɮ] Fortition[l] → [ʎ] Palatalization[l] → [lʲ] Palatalization[l] → [ɭ] Retroflexion[l] → [n] Nasalization[l] → [ɲ] Palatalization[l] → [o] Vocalization[l] → [oi] Lenition[l] → [ou] Vocalization[l] → [q] Assimilation[l] → [r] Lambdacism[l] → [ɾ] Rhoticization[l] → [ɽ] Retroflexion[l] → [s] Sibilantization[l] → [ə] L-vocalization[l] → [ʃ] Palatalization[l] → [t] Fortition[l] → [ʈ] Retroflexion[l] → [u] L-vocalization[l] → [v] L-vocalization[l] → [w] L-vocalization[l] → [x] Velarization[l] → [y] Palatalization[l] → [z] Fortition[l] → [ʐ] Fortition
[ɬ]Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
[ɮ]Voiced alveolar lateral fricative
[ʎ]Voiced palatal lateral approximant
[ʎ] → [ʈʂ] Fortition[ʎ] → [ɟ] Fortition[ʎ] → [∅] Lenition[ʎ] → [i] Vocalization[ʎ] → [dʒ] Fortition[ʎ] → [j] Yeísmo[ʎ] → [l] Depalatalization[ʎ] → [lʲ] Depalatalization[ʎ] → [ɭ] Retroflexion[ʎ] → [ɲ] Nasalization[ʎ] → [r] Rhotacism[ʎ] → [ɽ] Retroflexion[ʎ] → [ʃ] Delateralization[ʎ] → [ʒ] De-lateralization
[lʲ]Palatalized voiced alveolar lateral approximant
[ɭ]Voiced retroflex lateral approximant
[m]Bilabial nasal
[m] → [b] Denasalization[m] → [d] Denasalization[m] → [∅] Elision[m] → [ʔ] Debuccalization[m] → [mʲ] Palatalization[m] → [n] Place Assimilation[m] → [ɲ] Palatalization[m] → [ɴ] Place Shift[m] → [ŋ] Assimilation[m] → [o] Vocalization[m] → [p] Denasalization[m] → [ɸ] Lenition[m] → [ə] Vocalization[m] → [ts] Affrication[m] → [u] Vocalization[m] → [v] Lenition[m] → [w] Lenition
[mʲ]Palatalized voiced bilabial nasal
[n]Alveolar nasal
[n] → [ã] Consonant Deletion[n] → [d] Denasalization[n] → [dz] Affrication[n] → [∅] N-Deletion[n] → [g] Place Assimilation[n] → [ʔ] Debuccalization[n] → [h] Debuccalization[n] → [i] Vocalization[n] → [dʒ] Palatalization[n] → [k] Denasalization[n] → [l] Denasalization[n] → [m] Place Assimilation[n] → [ɲ] Palatalization[n] → [nʲ] Palatalization[n] → [ɳ] Nati[n] → [ɴ] Retraction[n] → [ŋ] Assimilation[n] → [õ] Vocalization[n] → [r] Rhotacism[n] → [ɾ] Liquidization[n] → [ɽ] Retroflexion[n] → [s] Sibilantization[n] → [ə] Vocalization[n] → [ʃ] Palatalization[n] → [t] Epenthesis[n] → [c] Palatalization[n] → [ʈ] Retroflexion[n] → [u] Vocalization[n] → [w] Lenition[n] → [y] Vocalization[n] → [z] Denasalization[n] → [ʒ] Palatalization
[ɲ]Palatal nasal
[nʲ]Palatalized voiced alveolar nasal
[ɳ]Voiced retroflex nasal
[ɴ]Uvular nasal
[ŋ]Velar nasal
[ŋ] → [dz] Affrication[ŋ] → [∅] Nasal Deletion[ŋ] → [g] Denasalization[ŋ] → [ɡʲ] Denasalization[ŋ] → [h] Denasalization[ŋ] → [dʒ] Palatalization[ŋ] → [j] Reduction[ŋ] → [k] Fortition[ŋ] → [kʰ] Denasalization[ŋ] → [l] Denasalization[ŋ] → [m] Labialization[ŋ] → [n] Fronting[ŋ] → [ɲ] Palatalization[ŋ] → [õ] Vocalization[ŋ] → [ʃ] Palatalization[ŋ] → [w] Vocalization[ŋ] → [x] Lenition[ŋ] → [χ] Retraction[ŋ] → [y] Reduction
[o]Close-mid back rounded vowel
[o] → [a] Lowering[o] → [ai] Diphthongization[o] → [æ] Vowel Lowering[o] → [au] Diphthongization[o] → [ʌ] Unrounding[o] → [e] Fronting[o] → [∅] Elision[o] → [ɛ] I-Umlaut[o] → [ʔ] Glottalization[o] → [i] Umlaut[o] → [õ] Nasalization[o] → [oi] Diphthongization[o] → [ou] Diphthongization[o] → [ə] Vowel Reduction[o] → [u] Vowel Raising[o] → [ue] Spontaneous Diphthongization[o] → [ui] Raising[o] → [v] Consonantalization[o] → [w] Vocalization[o] → [y] Fronting
[õ]Nasalized close-mid back rounded vowel
[oi]Diphthong oi
[oi] → [a] Monophthongization[oi] → [ai] Unrounding[oi] → [æ] Monophthongization[oi] → [e] Monophthongization[oi] → [ei] Unrounding[oi] → [ɛ] Monophthongization[oi] → [i] Monophthongization[oi] → [o] Monophthongization[oi] → [ə] Centralization[oi] → [u] Monophthongization[oi] → [ui] Diphthong Shift[oi] → [y] Monophthongization
[ou]Diphthong ou
[ou] → [a] Monophthongization[ou] → [ai] Fronting[ou] → [æ] Monophthongization[ou] → [au] Lowering of the Nucleus[ou] → [e] Monophthongization[ou] → [ei] Fronting[ou] → [∅] Elision[ou] → [i] Monophthongization[ou] → [o] Monophthongization[ou] → [oi] Diphthongal Fronting[ou] → [ə] Centralization[ou] → [u] Monophthongization[ou] → [w] Consonantization
[p]Voiceless bilabial plosive
[p] → [b] Voicing[p] → [tʃ] Palatalization[p] → [dz] Palatalization[p] → [∅] Elision[p] → [f] Fricativization[p] → [ʔ] Debilaization[p] → [h] Debuccalization[p] → [j] Palatalization[p] → [k] Velarization[p] → [m] Nasalization[p] → [ŋ] Nasalization[p] → [pʰ] Aspiration[p] → [pʲ] Palatalization[p] → [ɸ] Spirantization[p] → [r] Palatalization[p] → [s] Assimilation[p] → [t] Coronalization[p] → [c] Labial Palatalization[p] → [ts] Palatalization[p] → [u] Vocalization[p] → [uo] Lenition[p] → [v] Voicing[p] → [w] Lenition[p] → [y] Lenition
[pʰ]Voiceless aspirated bilabial plosive
[pʲ]Palatalized voiceless bilabial plosive
[ɸ]Voiceless bilabial fricative
[q]Voiceless uvular plosive
[q] → [d] Fronting[q] → [dz] Fronting[q] → [∅] Elision[q] → [g] Voicing[q] → [ɢ] Allophony[q] → [ɣ] Spirantization[q] → [ʔ] Debuccalization[q] → [h] Lenition[q] → [dʒ] Fronting[q] → [k] Fronting[q] → [ɴ] Allophony[q] → [ɸ] Lenition[q] → [t] Fronting[q] → [ʁ] Voicing[q] → [x] Spirantization[q] → [χ] Spirantization
[r]Alveolar trill
[r] → [a] Vocalization[r] → [ai] Vocalization[r] → [æ] Vocalization[r] → [ʌ] Vocalization[r] → [tʃ] Affrication[r] → [d] Fortition[r] → [e] Vocalization[r] → [∅] Elision[r] → [ɣ] Backing[r] → [ʔ] Debuccalization[r] → [h] Debuccalization[r] → [i] Vocalization[r] → [dʒ] Affrication[r] → [j] Vocalization[r] → [k] Backing[r] → [l] Lambdacism[r] → [ʎ] Palatalization[r] → [ɭ] Retroflexion[r] → [m] Place Assimilation[r] → [n] Nasalization[r] → [ɳ] Nasalization[r] → [ŋ] Velarization[r] → [o] Vocalization[r] → [ɾ] Lenition[r] → [ɽ] Retroflexion[r] → [rʲ] Palatalization[r] → [s] Assibilation[r] → [ə] Vocalization[r] → [ʃ] Assibilation[r] → [t] Fortition[r] → [tʰ] Voicing[r] → [ʈ] Retroflexion[r] → [ð] Lenition[r] → [u] R-vocalization[r] → [ʁ] Uvularization[r] → [w] Labialization[r] → [x] Lenition[r] → [χ] Uvularization[r] → [z] Assibilation[r] → [ʒ] Palatalization
[ɾ]Voiced alveolar flap
[ɾ] → [tʃ] Assibilation[ɾ] → [d] Fortition[ɾ] → [∅] Deletion[ɾ] → [h] Debuccalization[ɾ] → [dʒ] Assibilation[ɾ] → [j] Gliding[ɾ] → [l] Lateralization[ɾ] → [n] Nasalization[ɾ] → [r] Fortition[ɾ] → [ɽ] Retroflexion[ɾ] → [ʃ] Assimilation[ɾ] → [ʂ] Retroflexion[ɾ] → [t] Fortition[ɾ] → [ʈ] Fortition[ɾ] → [ʁ] Uvularization[ɾ] → [w] Vocalization[ɾ] → [z] Assibilation[ɾ] → [ʒ] Assibilation
[ɽ]Voiced retroflex flap
[rʲ]Palatalized voiced alveolar trill
[s]Voiceless alveolar fricative
[s] → [au] Vocalization[s] → [tʃ] Palatalization[s] → [d] Hardening[s] → [∅] Elision[s] → [ʔ] Debuccalization[s] → [h] Debuccalization[s] → [i] Vocalization[s] → [dʒ] Palatalization[s] → [j] Palatalization[s] → [k] Retraction[s] → [l] Lenition[s] → [ɬ] Lateralization[s] → [n] Nasal Assimilation[s] → [r] Rhotacism[s] → [ɾ] Lenition[s] → [sʲ] Palatalization[s] → [ʃ] Palatalization[s] → [ɕ] Palatalization[s] → [ʂ] Retraction[s] → [t] Stopping[s] → [tʲ] Fortition[s] → [ʈ] Retroflexion[s] → [ð] Voicing[s] → [θ] Dentalization[s] → [ts] Affrication[s] → [u] Vocalization[s] → [x] Retraction[s] → [y] Reduction[s] → [z] Voicing
[sʲ]Palatalized voiceless alveolar fricative
[ə]Mid central vowel
[ə] → [a] Fortition[ə] → [ʕ] Pharyngealization[ə] → [æ] Re-stressing[ə] → [ʌ] Re-stressing[ə] → [e] Re-stressing[ə] → [∅] Syncope[ə] → [ɛ] Loi De Position[ə] → [ʔ] Glottalization[ə] → [h] Devoicing[ə] → [i] Raising[ə] → [ie] Diphthongization[ə] → [n] Syllabic Nasalization[ə] → [o] Re-stressing[ə] → [r] Intrusive R[ə] → [u] Fortition[ə] → [ʁ] Intrusive R[ə] → [y] Fronting
[ʃ]Voiceless postalveolar fricative
[ʃ] → [tʃ] Affrication[ʃ] → [∅] Elision[ʃ] → [f] Labialization[ʃ] → [ʔ] Debuccalization[ʃ] → [h] Debuccalization[ʃ] → [i] Vocalization[ʃ] → [dʒ] Affrication[ʃ] → [j] Gliding[ʃ] → [k] Retraction[ʃ] → [ɸ] Labialization[ʃ] → [r] Rhotacism[ʃ] → [ɾ] Rhotacism[ʃ] → [s] Depalatalization[ʃ] → [ɕ] Palatalization[ʃ] → [ʂ] Retraction[ʃ] → [t] Stopping[ʃ] → [θ] Fronting[ʃ] → [ts] Place Change[ʃ] → [x] Backing[ʃ] → [χ] Backing[ʃ] → [y] Vocalization[ʃ] → [z] Voicing[ʃ] → [ʒ] Voicing
[ɕ]Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative
[ʂ]Voiceless retroflex fricative
[t]Voiceless alveolar plosive
[t] → [b] Voicing[t] → [tʃ] Palatalization[t] → [tɕ] Palatalization[t] → [ʈʂʰ] Affrication[t] → [d] Voicing[t] → [dz] Assibilation[t] → [∅] Elision[t] → [f] Spirantization[t] → [ʔ] Debuccalization[t] → [h] Debuccalization[t] → [dʒ] Palatalization[t] → [j] Lenition[t] → [k] Velarization[t] → [kʟ] Lateralization[t] → [l] Lenition[t] → [ɬ] Lenition[t] → [n] Nasalization[t] → [p] Regressive Place Assimilation[t] → [ɸ] Lenition[t] → [r] Lenition[t] → [ɾ] Flapping[t] → [ɽ] Lenition[t] → [s] Assibilation[t] → [ʃ] Palatalization[t] → [tʰ] Aspiration[t] → [c] Palatalization[t] → [tʲ] Palatalization[t] → [ʈ] Retroflexion[t] → [ð] Lenition[t] → [θ] Fricativization[t] → [tɬ] Affrication[t] → [ts] Assibilation[t] → [w] Vocalization[t] → [x] Lenition[t] → [z] Assibilation
[tʰ]Voiceless aspirated alveolar plosive
[tʰ] → [tʃ] Palatalization[tʰ] → [ʈʂ] Affrication[tʰ] → [d] Deaspiration[tʰ] → [h] Debuccalization[tʰ] → [ɸ] Spirantization[tʰ] → [r] Lenition[tʰ] → [ɾ] Lenition[tʰ] → [s] Assibilation[tʰ] → [t] Deaspiration[tʰ] → [tʲ] Palatalization[tʰ] → [θ] Spirantization[tʰ] → [ts] Assibilation[tʰ] → [x] Lenition[tʰ] → [z] Deaspiration
[c]Voiceless palatal plosive
[tʲ]Palatalized voiceless alveolar plosive
[ʈ]Voiceless retroflex stop
[ʈ] → [tʃ] Palatalization[ʈ] → [ʈʂ] Affrication[ʈ] → [d] De-retroflexion[ʈ] → [ɖ] Voicing[ʈ] → [ʔ] Debuccalization[ʈ] → [l] Lateralization[ʈ] → [n] Nasalization[ʈ] → [r] Lenition[ʈ] → [s] Assibilation[ʈ] → [ʃ] Palatalization[ʈ] → [ʂ] Spirantization[ʈ] → [t] De-retroflexion[ʈ] → [tʲ] Palatalization[ʈ] → [ts] De-retroflexion[ʈ] → [z] Assibilation[ʈ] → [ʒ] Palatalization
[ð]Voiced dental fricative
[ð] → [d] Stopping[ð] → [∅] Elision[ð] → [f] Fronting[ð] → [ʔ] Debuccalization[ð] → [h] Debuccalization[ð] → [i] Vocalization[ð] → [j] Lenition[ð] → [l] Lambdacism[ð] → [n] Manner Assimilation[ð] → [r] Rhotacism[ð] → [ɾ] Rhotacism[ð] → [ɽ] Lenition[ð] → [s] Devoicing[ð] → [ə] Reduction[ð] → [t] Stopping[ð] → [ʈ] Retroflexion[ð] → [θ] Devoicing[ð] → [u] Vocalization[ð] → [v] Labialization[ð] → [w] Lenition[ð] → [z] Sibilantization
[θ]Voiceless dental fricative
[θ] → [tʃ] Affrication[θ] → [d] Stopping[θ] → [∅] Elision[θ] → [f] Labialization[θ] → [ʔ] Debuccalization[θ] → [h] Debuccalization[θ] → [j] Glide Formation[θ] → [p] Labialization[θ] → [ɾ] Rhotacism[θ] → [s] Sibilantization[θ] → [ə] Reduction[θ] → [ʃ] Palatalization[θ] → [t] Stopping[θ] → [tʰ] Fortition[θ] → [ʈ] Retroflexion[θ] → [ð] Voicing[θ] → [ts] Fortition[θ] → [u] Vocalization[θ] → [v] Fronting[θ] → [x] Velarization
[tɬ]Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate
[ts]Voiceless alveolar affricate
[ts] → [tʃ] Palatalization[ts] → [ʈʂ] Retraction[ts] → [dz] Voicing[ts] → [h] Lenition[ts] → [j] Lenition[ts] → [l] Lenition[ts] → [s] De-affrication[ts] → [ʃ] Palatalization[ts] → [t] Deaffrication[ts] → [c] Palatalization[ts] → [ð] Lenition[ts] → [θ] Dentalization[ts] → [w] Lenition[ts] → [x] Backing[ts] → [z] Lenition
[tsʰ]Voiceless aspirated alveolar affricate
[u]Close back rounded vowel
[u] → [a] Lowering[u] → [ai] Diphthongization[u] → [æ] Vowel Lowering[u] → [au] Great Vowel Shift[u] → [b] Fortition[u] → [ʌ] Unrounding[u] → [tʃ] Palatalization[u] → [e] Fronting[u] → [∅] Apocope[u] → [f] Fricativization[u] → [g] Consonantalization[u] → [ʔ] Glottalization[u] → [i] Fronting[u] → [l] Consonantalization[u] → [m] Fortition[u] → [o] Lowering[u] → [ou] Diphthongization[u] → [p] Fortition[u] → [r] Rhoticization[u] → [ə] Vowel Reduction[u] → [ʃ] Palatalization[u] → [ũ] Nasalization[u] → [ue] Diphthongization[u] → [ui] Diphthongization[u] → [uo] Lowering[u] → [ʁ] Consonantalization[u] → [v] Consonantalization[u] → [w] Glide Formation[u] → [x] Consonantalization[u] → [y] Fronting
[ũ]Nasalized close back rounded vowel
[ue]Diphthong ue
[ui]Diphthong ui
[uo]Diphthong uo
[ʁ]Voiced uvular fricative
[ʁ] → [a] Vocalization[ʁ] → [ʕ] Merger[ʁ] → [ʌ] Vocalization[ʁ] → [∅] Lenition[ʁ] → [f] Acoustic Shift[ʁ] → [g] Hardening[ʁ] → [ɣ] Fronting[ʁ] → [ʔ] Debuccalization[ʁ] → [h] Debuccalization[ʁ] → [k] Hardening[ʁ] → [l] Lateralization[ʁ] → [o] Vocalization[ʁ] → [q] Fortition[ʁ] → [r] Rhotic Correspondence[ʁ] → [ɾ] Place Assimilation[ʁ] → [ə] Vocalization[ʁ] → [u] Vocalization[ʁ] → [v] Labialization[ʁ] → [x] Fronting[ʁ] → [y] Palatalization
[v]Voiced labiodental fricative
[v] → [a] Vocalization[v] → [au] Vocalization[v] → [b] Betacism[v] → [d] Stopping[v] → [∅] Elision[v] → [f] Devoicing[v] → [g] Fortition[v] → [ʔ] Debuccalization[v] → [h] Debuccalization[v] → [i] Vocalization[v] → [j] Palatalization[v] → [l] Epenthesis[v] → [m] Nasalization[v] → [n] Nasal Correspondence[v] → [o] Vocalization[v] → [ou] Vocalization[v] → [p] Fortition[v] → [r] Rhotic Correspondence[v] → [ə] Reduction[v] → [ʃ] Palatalization[v] → [ð] Dentalization[v] → [u] Vocalization[v] → [w] Lenition[v] → [x] Retraction[v] → [y] Palatalization[v] → [z] Place Assimilation
[w]Voiced labio-velar approximant
[w] → [au] Vocalization[w] → [b] Fortition[w] → [∅] Elision[w] → [f] Fortition[w] → [g] Fortition[w] → [ɢ] Retraction[w] → [h] Debuccalization[w] → [i] Vocalization[w] → [j] Fronting[w] → [l] Delabialization[w] → [m] Nasalization[w] → [n] Place Assimilation[w] → [ŋ] Nasalization[w] → [o] Vocalization[w] → [p] Fortition[w] → [ð] Fortition[w] → [u] Vocalization[w] → [v] Fortition
[x]Voiceless velar fricative
[x] → [ai] Vocalization[x] → [æ] Vowel Fronting[x] → [tʃ] Palatalization[x] → [∅] Elision[x] → [f] Labialization[x] → [g] Voicing[x] → [ɣ] Voicing[x] → [ʔ] Debuccalization[x] → [h] Debuccalization[x] → [i] Palatalization[x] → [k] Fortition[x] → [kʰ] Fortition[x] → [l] Liquid Correspondence[x] → [o] Vocalization[x] → [p] Labialization[x] → [q] Fortition[x] → [ə] Reduction[x] → [ʃ] Palatalization[x] → [ɕ] Palatalization[x] → [θ] Dissimilation[x] → [u] Vocalization[x] → [ʁ] Retraction[x] → [w] Voicing[x] → [χ] Backing[x] → [y] Palatalization
[χ]Voiceless uvular fricative
[y]Close front rounded vowel
[y] → [a] Lowering[y] → [ʕ] Nasalization[y] → [æ] Unrounding[y] → [b] Consonantalization[y] → [ʌ] Unrounding[y] → [tʃ] Palatalization[y] → [e] Unrounding[y] → [∅] Elision[y] → [ɛ] Unrounding[y] → [g] Fortition[y] → [ʔ] Debuccalization[y] → [h] Debuccalization[y] → [i] Unrounding[y] → [n] Nasalization[y] → [o] Backing[y] → [p] Fortition[y] → [r] Rhotic Correspondence[y] → [ə] Vowel Reduction[y] → [ʃ] Palatal Hardening[y] → [u] Vowel Backing[y] → [ʁ] Rhotic Correspondence[y] → [v] Labialization[y] → [w] Consonantalization[y] → [x] Fricativization[y] → [z] Assibilation
[z]Voiced alveolar fricative
[z] → [tʃ] Palatalization[z] → [d] Stopping[z] → [dz] Affrication[z] → [e] Vocalization[z] → [∅] Elision[z] → [g] Fortition[z] → [ɣ] Backing[z] → [h] Debuccalization[z] → [i] Vocalization[z] → [j] Palatalization[z] → [l] Lateralization[z] → [m] Nasal Assimilation[z] → [r] Rhotacism[z] → [ɾ] Rhotacism[z] → [s] Voice Loss[z] → [ə] Reduction[z] → [ʃ] Palatalization[z] → [t] Devoicing[z] → [c] Devoicing[z] → [ʈ] Fortition[z] → [ð] Dentalization[z] → [ʁ] Gutturalization[z] → [v] Labialization[z] → [x] Devoicing[z] → [y] Palatalization[z] → [zʲ] Palatalization[z] → [ʒ] Palatalization[z] → [ʐ] Retraction
[zʲ]Palatalized voiced alveolar fricative
[ʒ]Voiced postalveolar fricative
[ʒ] → [tʃ] Affrication[ʒ] → [ʈʂʰ] Devoicing[ʒ] → [dz] Place Change[ʒ] → [∅] Elision[ʒ] → [ɣ] Backing[ʒ] → [h] Devoicing[ʒ] → [dʒ] Fortition[ʒ] → [j] Gliding[ʒ] → [ɾ] Rhotacism[ʒ] → [s] Devoicing[ʒ] → [ʃ] Devoicing[ʒ] → [ts] Devoicing[ʒ] → [x] Devoicing[ʒ] → [χ] Devoicing[ʒ] → [y] Reduction[ʒ] → [z] Fronting[ʒ] → [ʐ] Merger