[f]→[p]Certainty: 5/5Commonality: 3/5

Fortition Loanword Adaptation Koreanic Uto-Aztecan

Voiceless labiodental fricative to Voiceless bilabial plosive

Fortition of [f] to the voiceless stop [p] is observed in loanword adaptation (in languages lacking [f]) and in certain historical Celtic developments.

Phonetic Effects

Fortition, Loanword Adaptation

Language Examples

Korean Koreanic

coffee [f]→keopi 커피 [pʰ]— Korean loanword adaptation: /f/ → [pʰ] (aspirated bilabial stop), as Korean lacked native /f/ until recently. Same pattern: 'sofa' → 'sopa' [sopʰa].

Classical Nahuatl (from Spanish) Uto-Aztecan

Spanish /f/ (e.g., fraile)→[p] (Nahuatl adaptation)— Nahuatl lacked /f/; Spanish words with initial /f/ were adapted with [p]. E.g., Spanish 'fraile' (friar) → Nahuatl 'pale'.

Related Transformations

Lenition

More Koreanic Shifts

[ei] → [e] — Monophthongization [j] → [dʒ] — Fortition [j] → [dʑ] — Fortition [j] → [z] — Fortition [j] → [ʑ] — Fortition

Sources & References

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