The Universal Atlas of Phonetic Evolution
Back to Matrix [b] → [ʔ] Edit this Data

[ʔ]→[b]Certainty: 3/5Commonality: 1/5

Glottal stop to Voiced bilabial plosive

The hardening of a glottal stop to a bilabial stop is a rare form of fortition, where a 'placeholder' or weak laryngeal sound develops a full oral place of articulation.

Phonetic Effects

Fortition, Stopping

Language Examples

knife [naɪʔ]→naip [naip]— Glottal or weak final sounds in English loanwords hardened to full labial stops (p/b).
ʔ→b/p— Historical glottal stops or laryngealized vowels shifted to voiced or voiceless stops.

Related Transformations

More Fortition Shifts

Sources & References

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