[ʐ]→[g]Certainty: 4/5Commonality: 1/5

Voiced retroflex fricative to Voiced velar plosive

The voiced retroflex fricative [ʐ] was fortited to the voiced velar stop [g] in the Northeastern dialects of Pashto, in parallel with the shift of [ʂ] to [x]. The conservative Southwestern (Kandahar) dialect keeps the retroflex.

Phonetic Effects

Backing, Fortition

Language Examples

Pashto (Northeastern dialects) Iranian

ږ [ʐ]→[g]— The letter ږ is [ʐ] in Kandahar Pashto and [g] in the Northeastern dialects. In the Northwestern dialect it is [ʝ]. The shift is placed in the medieval period and appears to have been still incomplete when the orthography was fixed in the 16th century.

Related Transformations

Voiceless counterpart

More Backing Shifts

[ã] → [õ] — Raising [b] → [v] — Spirantization [d] → [ð] — Spirantization [e] → [o] — Backing [j] → [dʒ] — Fortition

Sources & References

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