The Universal Atlas of Phonetic Evolution
Back to Matrix [d] → [∅] Edit this Data

[∅]→[d]Certainty: 5/5Commonality: 4/5

Empty sound / Zero to Voiced alveolar plosive

Epenthesis of [d], also known as excrescence, typically occurs between a nasal or liquid and a following sound, creating a transitional stop.

Phonetic Effects

Excrescence, Stop Insertion

Language Examples

þunor [nr]→thunder [ndr]— OE → ModE: excrescent [d] inserted between nasal [n] and rhotic [r].
spinel [nl]→spindle [ndl]— OE → ModE: excrescent [d] inserted in the [nl] cluster.
zuur + -er→zuurder— Excrescent [d] inserted between word-final [r] and comparative suffix [-ər]; e.g. duur → duurder.

Related Transformations

More Germanic Shifts

Sources & References

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