[ɾ]→[d]Certainty: 5/5Commonality: 3/5

Voiced alveolar flap to Voiced alveolar plosive

The transformation from an alveolar flap to a voiced alveolar stop is a process of fortition or stopping, where the brief contact of the flap is lengthened into a full closure.

Phonetic Effects

Fortition, Stopping, Consonantalization

Language Examples

English Child Speech Germanic

ɾ [water]→d [wadder]— Children often substitute the flap allophone with a full voiced stop during phonological development.

African American Vernacular English (AAVE) Germanic

ɾ→d— Intervocalic stops are often maintained or strengthened in certain lexical items where other dialects might use a flap.

Related Transformations

Flapping Devoicing

More Germanic Shifts

[a] → [ã] — Assimilatory Nasalization [a] → [∅] — Elision [a] → [ʔ] — Glottalization [a] → [ə] — Vowel Reduction [æ] → [ɛ] — Vowel Raising

Sources & References

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