[tʰ]→[d]Certainty: 5/5Commonality: 5/5
Voiceless aspirated alveolar plosive to Voiced alveolar plosive
The phonetic transformation from a voiceless aspirated alveolar plosive /tʰ/ to a voiced alveolar plosive /d/ is a well-attested lenition process in historical linguistics. This shift involves both deaspiration, where the breathy release is lost, and voicing, where the vocal cords begin to vibrate during the articulation of the stop. Such changes often occur in specific phonetic environments, such as intervocalically or in contact with sonorants.
Phonetic Effects
Deaspiration, Voicing, Lenition
Language Examples
Proto-Greek *th→Macedonian *d— Proto-Greek aspirated stops, such as *th (which became /tʰ/ in most Greek dialects), developed into voiced stops in Ancient Macedonian. For instance, the month name Xanthikós (with /θ/ from *th) became Xandikós (with /ð/ or /d/) in Macedonian.
Chinese /tʰ/→Korean /d/— In the adoption of Chinese loanwords into Old Korean (Sino-Korean vocabulary), Chinese aspirated stops like /tʰ/ were often rendered as voiced stops /d/ in Korean.
/tʰ/→/d/— Aspirated voiceless stops in Manipuri can undergo deaspiration and voicing, becoming voiced stops, particularly when preceded by vowels or nasals.
Related Transformations
More Lenition Shifts
Sources & References
- The Rutgers Scholar, Volume 3 (2001).
- Méndez Dosuna, J. (2012). Ancient Macedonian as a Greek dialect: A critical survey on recent work. In G. K. Giannakis (Ed.), Ancient Macedonia: Language, History, Culture (pp. 133-145). Centre for the Greek Language.
- Hatzopoulos, M. B. (2020). Ancient Macedonia. De Gruyter.
- Primrose, A. J. (1888). A Manipuri Grammar, Vocabulary, And Phrase Book. Assam Secretariat Press. [cite: 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 from previous search]
Spotted a mistake or have a better example?
EchoDrift is community-driven. You can suggest a change directly through GitHub.
Propose an Edit on GitHub