[x]→[g]Certainty: 5/5Commonality: 4/5

Voiceless velar fricative to Voiced velar plosive

The shift from the voiceless velar fricative [x] to the voiced velar stop [g] is a form of voicing and hardening, typically documented in intervocalic environments or through historical sound laws like Verner's Law.

Phonetic Effects

Voicing, Hardening, Fortition

Language Examples

Proto-Germanic (Verner's Law) Germanic

[x]→[g/ɣ]— Historical voicing of fricatives in unstressed environments, leading to the development of voiced stops in daughter languages.

Dutch Dialects Germanic

[x/χ]→[g/ɣ]— Variations in the 'hard G' where northern voiceless fricative realizations correspond to southern voiced fricative or stop-like realizations.

Related Transformations

Hardening equivalent Inverse: Spirantization

More Germanic Shifts

[a] → [ã] — Assimilatory Nasalization [a] → [∅] — Elision [a] → [ʔ] — Glottalization [a] → [ə] — Vowel Reduction [æ] → [ɛ] — Vowel Raising

Sources & References

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